With implications for the transmission of diseases like COVID-19, researchers have found that ordinary conversation creates a conical, "jet-like" airflow that quickly carries a spray of tiny droplets from a speaker’s mouth across meters of an interior space.
“People should recognize that they have an effect around them,” said Howard Stone, the Donald R. Dixon '69 and Elizabeth W. Dixon Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University. “It’s not just around your head. It is at the scale of meters.”
Although scientists have not yet fully identified the transmission mechanisms of the COVID-19 virus, current research indicates that people without symptoms could infect others through tiny droplets created when they speak, sing or laugh. Stone and co-lead researcher Manouk Abkarian, of the University of Montpellier in France, wanted to learn how widely and quickly exhaled material from an average speaker could spread in an interior space.
“Lots of people have written about coughs and sneezes and the kinds of things you worry about with the flu,” Stone said. “But those features are associated with visible symptoms, and with this disease we are seeing a lot of spread by people without symptoms.”
In an article published Sept. 25 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers concluded that for interior activities, normal conversations can spread exhaled material at least far as, if not beyond, social distancing guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (1 meter) and U.S. officials (2 meters, or about 6 feet). The work examined particle flow in an interior space without good ventilation.
Stone and Abkarian stressed that they are not public health experts and are not making medical recommendations. However, they said public health officials should consider the aerodynamic movement of aerosolized particles generated by speech alone as an important factor for directed spreading.
“It certainly highlights the importance of ventilation,” Stone said. “Especially if you have an extended conversation.”
The researchers also said that while masks do not completely block the flow of aerosols, they play a critical role in disruption of the "jet-like" air flow from a speaker’s mouth, preventing the quick transport of droplets farther than one foot.
“Masks really cut this flow off tremendously,” Stone said. “This identifies why (most) masks play a big role. They cut everything off.”
The researchers specialize in fluid dynamics, which describes the movement of liquids and gases. Using a high-speed camera, they film the movement of a mist of tiny droplets illuminated by a laser sheet in front of a person speaking several different phrases adjacent to the sheet. The phrases ranged from short statements like “we will beat the coronavirus” to nursery rhymes including “Peter Piper picked a peck” and “Sing a song of six pence.” The researchers selected the phrases to include different sounds that affect turbulent flows in a speaker’s exhalation.
The researchers found that plosive sounds like "P" create puffs of air in front of the speaker, while a conversation created what the researchers called a “train of puffs.” Each puff creates a small vortex of air in front of the speaker, and the interaction of these vortices creates a cone-shaped "jet-like" airflow from the speaker’s mouth. The researchers found that this airflow could easily and very quickly carry tiny particles away from the speaker. Abkarian said that even a short phrase can move the particles past the 1-meter distancing recommended by the World Health Organization in a matter of seconds.
The researchers said the distance depends in part on the duration of the conversation. Someone speaking for more time will send particles farther. They said that the 6-foot distancing rule may not be a sufficient barrier in an interior space without good ventilation.
“If you speak for 30 seconds in a loud voice, you are going to project aerosol more than six feet in the direction of your interlocutor,” Stone said.
In the paper, the researchers found that aerosols ejected during speech typically reached the 6-foot distance in about 30 seconds, and over that distance the aerosols’ concentration diluted to about 3% of the original volume. It was beyond the paper’s scope to say whether the dilution was sufficient to protect against infection, although the researchers noted that many will find this concentration to be higher than expected. The researchers said they hoped the information could help public health officials to make that determination. They also noted that longer conversations had the potential to spread more material and spread the virus over a larger distance.
“More extended discussions, and meetings in confined spaces, mean that the local environment will potentially contain exhaled air over a significantly longer distance,” the researchers wrote.
The researchers said the experiment showed that a social distance of 6 feet (2 meters) did not work like a wall to protect people. Over time, conversations can cause material to move past the distance, particularly inside buildings.
The train of puffs created by a conversation causes a more complex turbulent flow than single jets of air and researchers had to account for it in their calculations. The researchers used the data from the experiments to create a mathematical framework to quantify the transport of droplets from the speaker’s mouth to the surrounding area. They noted that the work does not account for movement of the speaker’s head or body and background air movement caused by ventilation and other speakers. Analyzing those factors would require further work.
Besides Stone and Abkarian, researchers include Simon Mendez of the University of Montpellier as well as Nan Xue and Fan Yang, graduate students in mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton.
"Speech can produce jet-like transport relevant to asymptomatic spreading of virus," by Manouk Abkarian, Simon Mendez, Nan Xue, Fan Yang Howard A. Stone was first published September 25 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012156117). The research was funded in part by a National Science Foundation RAPID Grant (CBET 2029370).
