The largest and most advanced fusion experiment of its kind in the world launched this week, and it is already producing results.
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) physicists collaborating on the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator fusion energy device in Greifswald, Germany, were on hand Feb. 3 when German Chancellor Angela Merkel pushed a button to produce the reactor's first plasma of hydrogen-fueled superhot gas.
The W7-X is a stellarator, a device that uses twisted magnetic coils to confine the plasma that fuels fusion reactions in a three-dimensional and steady-state magnetic field. It is a departure from the more common fusion device used in fusion experiments, a donut-shaped device called a "tokamak" such as that used at PPPL.
The German reactor is the result of an international collaboration, and PPPL's Hutch Neilson was the coordinator of the U.S. effort.
"It was a day of building excitement and it was a very happy mood because everything is working really well on the experiment," said Neilson, head of advanced projects at PPPL. "It was kind of amazing when the chancellor walked into the control room. Her eyes lit up."
A.J. Stewart Smith, Princeton University vice president for the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel shake hands in the Wendelstein 7-X control room at the celebration of the first hydrogen plasma. (Photo courtesy of the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics)
Scientists and dignitaries from around the world watched as Merkel pushed the button to create a hydrogen plasma that lasted a quarter of a second. But that was long enough to begin heating the plasma to 80 million degrees Celsius. By 2020, the W7-X is designed to produce a plasma that lasts up to 30 minutes and would demonstrate that stellarators could be a model for the fusion power plants of the future.
Merkel acknowledged that there are "huge scientific challenges" and costs associated with developing fusion energy, but she said the possibility of developing fusion energy as a source of generating electric energy is worth the investment.
"Rising energy demands and the vision of an almost inexhaustible energy source are convincing arguments for investing in fusion," Merkel said.
Neilson and Princeton University Vice President for PPPL A.J. Stewart Smith were among the select group of scientists in the W7-X control room, along with Ed Synakowski, Department of Energy Associate Director of Science for Fusion Energy Sciences. PPPL physicists Samuel Lazerson and Novimir Pablant also attended the event along with other U.S. collaborators.
'Major progress'
Greeting Merkel on behalf of the U.S. delegation, Smith said the W7-X is a significant achievement that will lead to "major progress for the understanding of plasma."
"The W7-X is a major step for fusion research. Princeton and the whole U.S. team are absolutely thrilled," Smith said to Merkel in German. "We are so pleased to be involved in this exceptional event.
"I am very impressed by the professional way the IPP team was able to successfully build such a complex daunting machine," Smith said. "The success of W7-X shows that the daunting challenges facing stellarators have been solved."
The hydrogen plasma is "a step on the path to making the device perform as planned," said David Gates, a PPPL physicist and stellarator physics lead, who was on hand at W7-X for the first test plasma and watched a live stream of the first hydrogen plasma in the PPPL auditorium. "From a plasma physicist's point of view, this next phase of research is an important milestone."
PPPL leads the U.S. collaboration with W7-X scientists, which is funded by $4 million annually from the Department of Energy's Office of Science. PPPL scientists and technicians built some key components of the machine, which took some 20 years and 1 billion euro to build.
PPPL physicist Novimir Pablant and Andreas Langenberg, of the Max Planck Institute, work in front of the housing for components of the X-Ray crystal spectrometer built by Pablant and PPPL engineer Michael Mardenfeld. (Photo by Scott Massidda)
PPPL researchers designed and delivered the five massive 2,400-pound trim coils that fine-tune the shape of plasma in fusion experiments. Physicists also designed and built an X-ray spectrometer for measuring the plasma temperature. A current project is the design and construction of divertor scraper units that intercept heat from the plasma to protect divertor targets from damage.
Collaborators include researchers from Los Alamos and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, as well as researchers and students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Wisconsin, Auburn University, and Xantho Technologies, LLC.
'Exceeding expectations'
Neilson said the experiment is already getting good results. "We're getting data and physics results from it exceeding expectations for what everybody thought would be accomplished during this startup period," he said.
PPPL researchers have already collaborated on research at the W7-X. Lazerson has been at the W7-X since March 2015 and performed one of the first experiments on the machine when he mapped the structure of the magnetic field and proved that the main magnet system and the trim coils that PPPL designed and had built in the U.S. were working as intended. He presented his research at the APS Division of Plasma Physics Conference in November. Pablant used the X-ray spectrometer to make the first plasma temperature measurements on W7-X.
"I was really proud of the American contingent for the work they've done," Neilson said the evening of the event. "We've made ourselves as indispensable as it's possible to be. We're not on the periphery. We're doing things that matter."
Two approaches to the same problem
Stellarators and tokamaks are two different approaches to the same difficult challenge of developing fusion as an energy source, and the W7-X is putting more attention on the potential of stellarators, Neilson said.
"The arrival of W7-X on the scene creates sort of a buzz about stellarators," Neilson said. "I think in the U.S., the arrival of such an advanced machine, which is competitive with anything that's out there in terms of capabilities, is just bound to shift the conversation about stellarators."
PPPL has taken a different approach to stellarators with its quasi-axisymmetric stellarator or QUASAR, which was not completed. With W7-X now operating, it could also lead the U.S. to reconsider stellarators, Neilson said.
"For 10 years, the focus is going to be on W7-X itself," he said, "but it does create an atmosphere in which it's reasonable to ask, 'What about us?'"
PPPL, on Princeton University's Forrestal Campus in Plainsboro, New Jersey, is devoted to creating new knowledge about the physics of plasmas — ultra-hot, charged gases — and to developing practical solutions for the creation of fusion energy. Results of PPPL research have ranged from a portable nuclear materials detector for anti-terrorist use to universally employed computer codes for analyzing and predicting the outcome of fusion experiments. The laboratory is managed by the University for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science, which is the largest single supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time.
