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Human Power and Propulsion

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The pedals rotate about their long axis as the crank rotates about the axis of the bottom bracket spindle. Cup/cone bearings are used at each end of the pedal spindle. The outer cone can be adjusted so that there is no 'play' between the pedal and the spindle and the friction in the bearings is minimized. There are dust seals at both ends of the pedal to retain lubricant in the pedal hub and prevent the entry of road dirt. The cup and cone structure of the pair of bearings allows the shaft to self align so that there is no unwanted lateral force on the pedal body.

Modern pedals may have sealed bearings at each end. These cannot be adjusted, but are less prone to contamination by road dirt during their lifetime.

From: Apps, "The Bicycle Book," Smithmark (1993)