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Human Power and Propulsion

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Rotating pedals and a crank mechanism are the coupling technique of choice for many human powered vehicles. There is a maximum force that the cyclist can apply to the pedals at any rotation speed. This will be limited by the cyclists' weight at zero pedal velocity, unless the bike is of recumbent design and the seat can be used to push against. As the pedal speed increases, more work is done in moving the legs and this decreases the force that can be applied to the pedals to provide useful work. The zero output limit is reached when the legs can only just keep up with the pedals, but the cyclist is unable to apply any force to them.

The pedal force provided by the rider as a function of pedal position has the form shown. Between locations 1 and 16 there is a positive (downward) force on the pedal. One foot is therefore opposing the work being done by the other. Only under slow rotation conditions, such as during a hill climb, will the rider tend to pull up on a pedal as well as push down on the other during the 'power' part of the stroke.

From: Abbott & Wilson, "Human-Powered Vehicles,"
Human Kinetics (1995)