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Human Power and Propulsion

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The arrangement of spokes in a tangentially spoked wheel is shown in the photograph. The diagram illustrates the shape of an individual spoke and how spokes are attached to the wheel hub and rim. The attachment method requires the spokes to be in tension. They are normally loaded by turning the nipple with a spoke wrench until their stress in tension is about half the yield stress of the spoke material.

The tangential spoke configuration permits the wheel to better accommodate the torques experienced in acceleration or braking. The tension in each spoke is adjusted so that the wheel rim runs 'true,' i.e. without a local sideways deflection. With a rider on the bike, the tension in the spoke goes through a stress range each revolution of the wheel, but always remains a tensile stress.

From: McMahon and Graham, "The Bicycle and the Walkman,"
Merion (1992)