Most of these are from Mike Maxwell's posting to the Linguist List (19 Mar 1995). Others are from a list posted to the sci.lang newsgroup. None of the comments are mine.
Suzette Haden Elgin. Native Tongue trilogy, including: The Native Tongue
(wherein language and linguistics are prominent issues in a future society;
Laadan is a language in development). Clans of linguists have become
crucial because of their mediation with non-humans. Raises issues about
innateness, the bioprogram, language learning, relationship between body
stucture and language, as well as feminist issues), and Judas Rose.
Derek Bickerton. King of the Sea. (Not exactly science fiction. But deals
with human-dolphin communication. Best explanation of Bickerton's
bioprogram available with a valuable dicussion also of the problems of
having a meaningful relationship with a dolphin.).
Arnason. A Woman of the Iron People.
Vonarburg. In the Motherland.
Robert Sheckley. Shall We Have a Little Talk? (for the evil Earth capitalist
empire to take over a planet, they have to buy some land on the planet. A
representative goes to some planet to start negotiating for a land purchase and
finds that every day the language has changed, not only in vocabulary but
in grammar. At one point, he exclaims "Stop agglutinating!" The
inhabitants of the planet are using accelerated language change as a
defense mechanism, and at the end of the story, they are communicating in
identical monosyllables).
David Carkeet. Double Negative (one respondent called this "a murder
mystery in which a linguist uses his knowledge of child language
acquisition to solve the murder"; another said it involved the human/animal
boundary).
Samuel Delany. Babel 17, Triton (latter takes on the arbitrariness of the
relationship between form and meaning and builds a whole society around it,
starting with, of course, an artificially engineered environment on a moon
(of Saturn?)); Neveryon series (second-hand report says it incorporates a
good deal of linguistics).
Brian Aldiss "Confluence" -- consisting entirely of a lexicon
of words in an alien language, tentatively translated into English.
It's in Judith Merril, ed., SF 12, Dell, N.Y., 1968.
M. A. Foster _Day of the Klesh_ (sequel to _The Gameplayers of Zan_; there
is also a prequel. All three novels feature the Ler, a race of genetically
engineered humans designed to be physically and mentally superior to us
garden-variety types. The language of the Ler is built largely on Slavic
roots and is highly regular in form, and has different "modes",
distinguished by vocabulary, inflection and phonetic manifestation, as well
as at the "psi" level. The different modes have different purposes; one to
be used at home with family, one public, one for lovers, and one that packs
a psychic compulsion to do whatever the speaker is demanding.)
Ian Watson. The Embedding. (Universal Grammar, generative syntax.)
Goulet. Oh's Profit (the main character is a signing gorilla named Oh, and
there's a Chomsky sound-alike baddie called Sandground).
Pamela Sargent. After Long Silence (actually it has to do with
communication more by music than by language, but communication with alien
intelligences at any rate)
John Berryman. "Something to Say" in _Analog_ (1966-67)
James P Hogan. Inherit the Stars.
Janet Kagan. Hellspark, Uhura's Song.
Neal Stephenson. Snow Crash.
Jack Vance. Languages of Pao. (Comparative linguistics, Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis (weak form), semantics.)
Walter Jon Williams. "Surfacing".
Roger Zelazny. "A Rose for Ecclesiastes" (?)
Russel Hoban. Riddley Walker (The whole thing is in the narrator's own
dialect, which is a future form of English.)
Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange (futuristic version of anglicized
Russian).
Frank Herbert. Dune (carefully worked out historical derivations of
Arabic religious language set thousands of years in the future).
Delany, Samuel R. Stars in my Pocket like Grains of Sand. (language
change, alien languages)
Delany, Samuel R. The Jewel-Hinged Jaw: Notes on the Language of Science
Fiction (essays about how sentences work in SF as distinct from other
kinds of writing).
Delany, Samuel R. Starboard Wine: More Notes on the Language of
Science Fiction.
Meyers, Walter E. Aliens and Linguists: Language Study and Science
Fiction. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1980. (A scholarly work
analyzing the linguistics in SF... how plausable it is, frequent errors
that SF authors make when talking about linguistics, and examples of good
linguistics.)
Barnes, Myra Edwards. Linguistics and Languages in Science
Fiction-Fantasy. New York: Arno Press, 1975.
Geoff Pullum's essay `Some lists of things about books' in NLLT 6:2 (1988), pp.
283-290, and reprinted in Geoff's book _The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax_, 1991,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 190-200. (list of six SF novels
featuring linguistics)
Brin, David. Sundiver. (language change, animal language, dolphins)
Clarke, Arthur C. Rendezvous with Rama. (animal language, apes)
Heinlein, Robert A. Red Planet (alien language: phonetics, semantics);
Stranger in a Strange Land (alien language: phonetics, semantics, shading
into mysticism); The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (future dialects of English)
Le Guin, Ursula. Always Coming Home (invented language: semantics,
grammar, etc.); The Left Hand of Darkness (invented language: semantics).
Orwell, George. 1984 (invented language: semantics, sociolinguistics,
language and thought).
Tolkein, J. R. R. The Lord of the Rings (invented languages, historical
change, writing systems).
Womack, Jack. Terraplane (language change, dialect differences).
Zelazny, Roger. Eye of Cat (alien language).
Carr, Terry. "The Dance of the Changer and the Three" in The Best of Terry
Carr.
Haldeman, Joe. "A Tangled Web" in Dealing in Futures (humorous alien
language).
Haldeman, Joe. "Anniversary Project," in Infinite Dreams (the evolution of
human language).
Heinlein, Robert A. "Gulf," in 6 X H (superior language; the limits
of language).
Murphy, Pat. "Rachel in Love" in Points of Departure (animal
language -- chimps).
Robinson, Kim Stanley. "The Translator" in Universe 1 (edited by
Robert Silverberg and Karen Haber) (a fresh look at the automatic
translator).
Sallis, James. "The Attitude of the Earth Towards Other Bodies," in
Full Spectrum 2 (edited by Lou Aronica, et. al) (Universal Grammar).
Williams, Walter Jon. "Surfacing" in Facets (alien grammar/semantics).
Poul Anderson's "Delenda Est" in "Worlds of Maybe" (1960s; incorporated as
a chapter in a recent Anderson book; someone undid the Second Punic War and
Carthage became a major power in Europe. Anderson creates at least two
languages that might have been - a Celtic language with Semitic loanwords
that would be used in North America, and a Germanic language spoken by
tribes that took over the Italy that had a power vacuum.)
Hal Clement. Ocean on Top.
Poul Anderson. "A Tragedy of Errors" in _The Long Night_, from Tor. (a
planet that has new meaning for words like friend, slave, and business.)
-----------------alien languages
"Tlon, Uqbar, Tertius Orbis" in FICCIONES - Jorge Luis Borges
---------------futuristic varieties of English
A CLOCKWORK ORANGE - Anthony Burgess (1962)
---------------other invented languages
NATIVE TONGUE - Suzette Haden Elgin (1984)
------------------linguist heroes
DOUBLE NEGATIVE - David Carkeet
------------------animal language
WATERSHIP DOWN - Richard Adams
------------------use of linguistic theory
SNOW CRASH - Neal Stephenson (1992)
------------------other
THE TROIKA INCIDENT - James Cooke Brown (1969) [Loglan]
(1956)
40000 IN GEHENNA - C.J. Cherryh
BABEL-17 - Samuel R. Delany (1966)
FLIGHT OF THE DRAGONFLY - Robert L. Forward (1984)
THE HAUNTED STARS - Edmond Hamilton
INHERIT THE STARS - James P. Hogan
"Omnilingual", in FEDERATION - H. Beam Piper
CONTACT - Carl Sagan (1985)
PSYCHAOS - E. P. Thompson
"A Martian Odyssey" in SF HALL OF FAME - Stanley Weinbaum (1934)
"A Rose for Ecclesiastes" in SF HALL OF FAME - Roger Zelazny (1963)
HELLFLOWER - eluki bes shahar
THE INHERITORS - William Golding (1955)
THE MOON IS A HARSH MISTRESS - Robert Heinlein (1966)
RIDDLEY WALKER - Russel Hoban (1980)
1984 - George Orwell (1948)
THE GAMEPLAYERS OF ZAN - M A Foster
"Gulf" in ASSIGNMENT IN ETERNITY - Robert A. Heinlein (1949)
DUNE - Frank Herbert (1965)
THE KLINGON DICTIONARY - Marc Okrand (1985)
THE VOID-CAPTAIN'S TALE - Norman Spinrad
THE LORD OF THE RINGS - J R R Tolkien (1954-55)
THE MEMORANDUM - Vaclav Havel (1966)
THE LANGUAGES OF PAO - Jack Vance (1957)
THE FULL CATASTROPHE - David Carkeet
PYGMALION - George Bernard Shaw (1912)
THE POISON ORACLE - Peter Dickinson (1974)
HANDS ON - Andrew Rosenheim (1992)
TARZAN OF THE APES - Edgar Rice Burroughs (1912)
CONGO - Michael Crichton
GULLIVER'S TRAVELS - Jonathan Swift (1726)
THE EMBEDDING - Ian Watson (1973)
Ozark trilogy - Suzette Haden Elgin
YONDER COMES THE OTHER END OF TIME - Suzette Haden Elgin
LOVE ME TOMORROW - Robert Rimmer (1976) [Loglan]
ETXEMENDI - Florence Delay [Chomsky ref]
SO YOU WANT TO BE A WIZARD - Diane Duane
TONGUES OF THE MOON - Philip Jose Farmer
THE DISPOSSESSED - Ursula LeGuin (1974)